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Symptoms of autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other neurodevelopmental disorders as a manifestation of impaired neuroplasticity

Halina Kądziela-Olech

Affiliacja i adres do korespondencji
PSYCHIATR. PSYCHOL. KLIN. 2014, 14 (2), p. 112–115
DOI: 10.15557/PiPK.2014.0015
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Streszczenie

The neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by behavioural disorganization, cognitive dysfunction and deficits of social communications which are present from early childhood. They consist, according to the DSM-V (2013) classification, of the intellectual disabilities, the autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), specific learning disorder, motor disorders, stereotypic movement disorder, and communication disorders. Symptoms of this disorders are present from the beginning of development, and frequently many of them with varying intensity occur together and their clinical picture may change with increasing age. Despite intensive research, brain mechanisms that underlie cognitive and behavioural deficits remain unclear. According to modern concepts, the plasticity is the property of the nervous system which is responsible for the processes of learning, memory, self-regulation and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Dynamic processes associated with remodelling of neuronal connectivity in the developing brain are the result of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Recent decades have brought a lot of evidence pointing to a part of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the process of synaptic plasticity of the nervous system. Bidirectional nature of synaptic plasticity involves maturation and elimination of synaptic connections. The proteolysis of extracellular matrix during early development of the nervous system appears to play a key role in the proliferation, migration and differentiationof nerve cells and the formation of neural networks. Hypothetically distorted activity of ECM proteases may interfere structure and function of the neural network and create of symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Słowa kluczowe
neurodevelopmental disorders, neuroplasticity, cognitive dysfunction, behaviours, children